It is particularly important to understand that for the human species, neither all the spermatozoa, nor all the eggs that are produced and released are fertile. Accordingly it is not guaranteed that all the fertilized eggs will manage to arrive in the uterus, or even if they do manage to arrive in the uterus it…
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There has also been a lot of controversy in Greece regarding the function of thrombophilia resulting in recurrent miscarriages. There is indeed an association with some rare cases of thrombophilia but certainly not with all the thrombophilic disorders that are quite common in the Mediterranean population such as the heterozygosity for MTHFR. Therefore, a thorough…
Hormonal causes are probably the most common causes of recurrent miscarriages. They relate to more than a third of these cases. Thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism or less often hyperthyroidism, disorders of glucose metabolism such as hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, as well as prolactinomas may easily lead to the loss of pregnancy usually in the first…
Anatomic causes that may lead to recurrent miscarriage include congenital uterine abnormalities such as didelphis and unicornuate uterus, fibroids or endometrial adhesions that are mostly related to endometritis.
In addition, part of the anatomical cause is cervical insufficiency. The cervix is the anatomical boundary between the vagina and the uterus and I often describe it…
Infertility in modern times is an increasingly common problem due to the modern lifestyle and requirements of a modern woman. These social demands lead most women to the decision to postpone "conception" for a long time, until the much-needed career obligations are accomplished. At the same time, the crisis that we are experiencing in recent…
Embryos throughout their development period, from fertilization to the blastocyst stage, are surrounded by a membrane called the zona pellucida.
The process of blastocyst hatching, under normal conditions, takes place on embryonic day 5, at the blastocyst stage, when the embryos create a hole in the zone that encloses them and thus escape from this…